Estratégias Percutâneas em Doenças Estruturais: Foco em Insuficiência Cardíaca Crônica / Percutaneous Strategies in Structural Heart Diseases: Focus on Chronic Heart Failure

Resumo As inovações em dispositivos ao longo das últimas décadas proporcionaram uma melhora no diagnóstico e tratamento de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca. Essas novas ferramentas progressivamente adaptaram-se a estratégias minimamente invasivas e as opções percutâneas multiplicaram-se de forma rápida. No presente artigo revisamos as direções atuais e futuras dos dispositivos utilizados como opções adjuvantes para o diagnóstico e tratamento adjuvante na insuficiência cardíaca crônica, o seu desenvolvimento, mecanismos e estudos mais recentes

Abstract Innovations in devices during the last decade contributed to enhanced diagnosis and treatment of patients with cardiac insufficiency. These tools progressively adapted to minimally invasive strategies with rapid, widespread use. The present article focuses on actual and future directions of device-related diagnosis and treatment of chronic heart failure.

Comparación de dos protocolos de antibiótico profiláctico en implantes de dispositivos de estimulación cardíaca. "COMPROFILAXIA" / Comparison of two prophylactic antibiotic protocols in implantable cardiac stimulation devices: "COMPROFILAXIA"

Resumen Introducción: El aumento de los implantes de dispositivos de estimulación cardiaca en los últimos años, aunado a la longevidad y al perfil de morbilidad de los pacientes, ha hecho que la incidencia de infecciones asociadas a estos procedimientos aumente. Sin embargo, existe disparidad en Colombia y en el mundo respecto al esquema apropiado de profilaxis antibiótica. Objetivo: Evaluar la incidencia de infecciones postoperatorias con dos protocolos de antibiótico-profilaxia. Métodos: Ensayo clínico controlado aleatorizado en el que se incluyeron 360 pacientes que recibieron implante de dispositivos cardíacos y fueron aleatorizados en dos grupos para recibir una dosis de antibiótico (cefazolina 1 g) (240 pacientes) o tres dosis (120 pacientes). Se realizó seguimiento durante un año. El desenlace principal fue la incidencia de infecciones postoperatorias. Resultados: No se observó una diferencia significativa entre la incidencia de infección postoperatoria en los dos grupos (tres dosis vs. una dosis: OR crudo 0.92; IC95% 0.23 - 3.64; p 0.912), con una tasa de 2.9% (7/238) en el grupo de una dosis y de 2.7% (3/110) en el grupo de tres dosis. Tras el análisis multivariado se identificó a la enfermedad renal crónica como un predictor independiente para el desarrollo de complicaciones infecciosas (OR ajustado 4.71; IC95% 1,13 - 19,60). Conclusión: El uso de un protocolo de única dosis de antibiótico profiláctico una hora antes del implante de dispositivos de estimulación cardiaca parece no ser inferior al protocolo de tres dosis postoperatorias.

Abstract Introduction: The increase in implantable cardiac stimulation devices in the last few years, along with the longevity and morbidity characteristics of the patient, has led to an increase in infections associated with these procedures. However, there are differences in Colombia and in the rest of the world as regards a suitable antibiotic prophylaxis scheme. Objective: To evaluate the incidence of post-operative infections with two antibiotic prophylaxis protocols. Methods: A controlled, randomised clinical trial was performed, in which 360 patients that had received a cardiac device implant were randomised into two groups: one with 240 patients to receive one dose of antibiotic (1 g cephazolin), and another of 120 patients to receive 3 doses. The patients were followed-up for one year. The primary outcome was the incidence of post-operative infections. Results: No significant difference was observed in the incidence of post-operative infections between the two groups (three doses versus one dose: crude OR, 0.92; 95% CI; 0.23 - 3.64; P = .912), with a rate of 2.9% (7/238) in the one-dose group, and 2.7% (3/110) in the three-dose group. After the multivariate analysis, chronic kidney disease was identified as an independent predictor of developing infectious complications (adjusted OR = 4.71; 95% CI; 1.13 - 19.60). Conclusion: The use of a single-dose prophylaxis antibiotic protocol one hour before the implantation of cardiac stimulator devices does not appear to be inferior to the three-dose post-operative protocol.

Tomografía por emisión de positrones en endocarditis infecciosa asociada a dispositivos y válvulas protésicas / Positron emission tomography in infective endocarditis associated with intracardiac devices and prosthetic valves

La endocarditis infecciosa (EI) es una enfermedad grave y potencialmente letal. La capacidad diagnóstica de los criterios de Duke modificados es alta para válvulas nativas, pero decae en el caso de EI de válvulas protésicas o EI asociadas a dispositivos. El ecocardiograma y los hallazgos microbiológicos son fundamentales para el diagnóstico, pero pueden resultar insuficientes en este grupo de pacientes. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la utilidad de la tomografía por emisión de positrones y fusión con tomografía computarizada (PET/TC) en pacientes con sospecha de EI, portadores de válvulas protésicas o dispositivos intracardiacos. Se estudiaron 32 pacientes, a los cuales se les realizó un PET/CT con 18F-Flúor desoxiglucosa (18F-FDG). Se consideraron sugestivos de infección aquellos con captación intensa de tipo focal y/o heterogénea con un punto de corte de Standard Uptake Value (SUV) mayor o igual a 3.7. Los diagnósticos iniciales según los criterios de Duke modificados, se compararon con el diagnóstico final establecido por la Unidad de Endocarditis institucional. El agregado del PET/CT a esos criterios, proporcionó un diagnóstico concluyente en 22 de los 32 casos iniciales, reclasificando a 11 casos en EI definitivas y a otros 5 casos como negativos para ese diagnóstico. La EI continúa siendo un grave problema clínico. En aquellos casos donde los criterios de Duke no son suficientes para establecer el diagnóstico y la sospecha clínica persiste, el PET/CT puede ser una herramienta complementaria útil para aumentar la sensibilidad diagnóstica.

Infective endocarditis (IE) is a serious and potentially lethal condition. The diagnostic capacity of the modified Duke criteria is high for native valves, but it declines in the case of EI of prosthetic valves or EI associated with devices. Echocardiography and microbiological findings are essential for diagnosis but may be insufficient in this group of patients. Our objective was to evaluate the usefulness of positron emission tomography and fusion with computed tomography (PET / CT) in patients with suspected IE, carriers of prosthetic valves or intracardiac devices; 32 patients were studied, who underwent PET / CT with 18F-Fluorine deoxyglucose (18F-FDG). Those with intense focal and/or heterogeneous uptake with a Standard Uptake Value (SUV) cut-off point greater than or equal to 3.7 were considered suggestive of infection. The initial diagnoses according to the modified Duke criteria were compared with the final diagnosis established by the Institutional Endocarditis Unit. The addition of PET / CT to these criteria, provided a conclusive diagnosis in 22 of the 32 initial cases reclassifying 11 cases in definitive EI; another 5 cases were negative for that diagnosis. EI continues to be a serious clinical problem. In those cases where the Duke criteria are not sufficient to establish the diagnosis and clinical suspicion persists, PET / CT can be a useful complementary tool to increase the diagnostic sensitivity.

Uso de desfibriladores implantables y terapia de resincronización cardiaca en ancianos mayores de 70 a 80 años: controversias y evidencia / Use of implantable defibrillators and cardiac resynchronisation therapy in patients more than 70 to 80 years old: arguments and evidence

Resumen Prevenir la muerte súbita y aumentar la supervivencia y la calidad de vida en los pacientes con falla cardiaca son las principales indicaciones para el uso de los desfibriladores implantables y la terapia de resincronización cardiaca respectivamente. Hay certeza de la eficacia clínica de estos dispositivos para la población general; sin embargo, no es tan clara para los pacientes mayores de 70 años dado que esta población no está lo suficientemente representada en los diseños de los estudios clínicos. La evidencia disponible hasta el momento precisa que en este grupo etario existe beneficio de la terapia de resincronización cardiaca, pero es cuestionable el uso de cardiodesfibriladores. Así mismo, es indispensable tener en cuenta no sólo el riesgo de mortalidad de los pacientes sino también su funcionalidad y fragilidad para definir si se benefician o no de estos dispositivos.

Abstract The prevention of sudden death, to increase the survival, and quality of life in patients with heart failure, are the main indications for the use of implantable defibrillators and cardiac resynchronisation therapy, respectively. There is confidence in the clinical efficacy of these devices for the general population, but it is not so clear in patients over 70 years-old, given that this population is not sufficiently represented in clinical study designs. Although the evidence available up until now shows that there is a benefit in this age group for the use cardiac resynchronisation therapy, the use of cardiac defibrillators is questionable. It is also indispensable to not only to take into account the mortality risk in these patients, but also their functionality and frailty in order to determine whether or not they would benefit from these devices.

Temporal Trends of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Implantations: a Nationwide Population-based Study

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Implantation of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED), including permanent pacemakers (PM), implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD), and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) devices, has increased significantly over the past several years. However, limited data exists regarding temporal trends of CIED implantations in Asian population. This study aimed to investigate temporal trends of CIED treatment in Korea. METHODS: Using the National Health Insurance Service database of the entire Korean adult population, temporal trends of CIED procedures between 2009 and 2016 were evaluated. Additionally, temporal changes in the prevalence of patients' comorbidities were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 35,421 CIED procedures (new implantations: 27,771, replacements: 7,650) were performed during the study period. The mean age of new CIED recipients and the prevalence of comorbidities, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart failure, stroke, and atrial fibrillation, increased substantially with time. Compared to 2009, the number of new implantations of PM, ICD, and CRT devices increased by 2.0 (1,977 to 3,910), 3.6 (230 to 822), and 4.9 (44 to 217) times in 2016, respectively. The annual new implantation rate of CIED also increased accordingly (5.1 to 9.3 for PM, 0.6 to 1.9 for ICD, and 0.1 to 0.5 for CRT devices, per 100,000 persons). CONCLUSIONS: The number of CIED implantation increased substantially from 2009 to 2016 in Korea. Also, the patients with CIED have been changed to be older and have more comorbidities. Therefore, the burden of health care cost in patients with CIED would be expected to increase in the future.

Intervención de enfermería para la aceptación del paciente al cardiodesfibrilador aplicada en el preimplante / Nursing intervention for the acceptance of the patient to the cardioverter defibrillator applied in the pre-implantation

Antecedentes: El cardiodesfibrilador mejora la supervivencia tratando los eventos arrítmicos fatales. La implementación de la terapia se acompaña de cambios importantes a nivel físico, psicológico y social y modifica el estilo de vida, lo que supone nuevos retos para el cuidado de la salud. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar los efectos de la intervención de enfermería sobre: el nivel de aceptación, el tiempo de ajuste y las consecuencias de integrar la tecnología a la vida cotidiana. Diseño y métodos: Estudio cuantitativo de tipo cuasiexperimental con dos grupos de intervención y uno de control; en total se asignaron aleatoriamente 72 sujetos (n=24). La encuesta de caracterización sociodemográfica y el "Cuestionario de Florida para la aceptación del paciente" versión en español permitieron la recolección de los datos. Se realizó la intervención de enfermería "Aceptación en Personas con Estimulación Cardíaca Cardiodesfibrilador" (APECC) con el protocolo clínico. Resultados: Los hallazgos evidenciaron un aumento estadísticamente significativo en el nivel de aceptación global en las mediciones efectuadas a la semana y al mes (valor de la estadística Z= -3,186, valor-p<0,01) Adicionalmente las comparaciones entre los grupos intervención y control demostraron que la intervención APECC disminuye el tiempo de ajuste dados los mejores niveles de aceptación en el tiempo de los grupos de intervención (valor de la estadística Z= -3,860, valor-p<0,000). Conclusiones: La intervención de enfermería aplicada en el periodo de preimplantación tiene efectos positivos sobre la aceptación de la persona al cardiodesfibrilador y disminuye el tiempo de ajuste y las consecuencias físicas, psicológicas y sociales.

Background: Defibrillators improve survival by treating fatal arrhythmic events. Therapy implementation is accompanied by important changes at physical, psychological, and social levels and it modifies lifestyle, which represents new challenges for health care. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of a nursing intervention on acceptance level, time of adjustment, and consequences of integrating technology into daily life. Design and methods: A quantitative quasi-experimental study with two intervention groups and a control group, in total 72 subjects were randomly assigned (n = 24). Sociodemographic characteristics survey and the Spanish version of the "Florida Patient Acceptance Survey" enabled data collection. The nursing intervention Acceptance in Patients with Defibrillator Cardiac Pacing (APECC in Spanish) was applied with the clinical protocol. Results: Findings showed a statistically significant increase in the overall acceptance level for weekly and monthly measurements (statistic value Z=-3.186, p<0.01). Additionally, comparisons between intervention and control groups showed that the APECC intervention decreases the adjustment time given better acceptance levels over time in the intervention groups (statistic value Z = -3,860, p <0.000). Conclusions: Nursing intervention applied during preimplantation period has positive effects on patient acceptance of defibrillators and decreases adjustment time as well as physical, psychological and social consequences.

Usefulness of preoperative venography in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices submitted to lead replacement or device upgrade procedures / Utilidade da Venografia Pré-Operatória em Procedimentos de Troca de Cabos-Eletrodos ou Mudança do Modo de Estimulação

Abstract Background: Venous obstructions are common in patients with transvenous cardiac implantable electronic devices, but they rarely cause immediate clinical problems. The main consequence of these lesions is the difficulty in obtaining venous access for additional leads implantation. Objectives: We aimed to assess the prevalence and predictor factors of venous lesions in patients referred to lead reoperations, and to define the role of preoperative venography in the planning of these procedures. Methods: From April 2013 to July 2016, contrast venography was performed in 100 patients referred to device upgrade, revision and lead extraction. Venous lesions were classified as non-significant (< 50%), moderate stenosis (51-70%), severe stenosis (71-99%) or occlusion (100%). Collateral circulation was classified as absent, discrete, moderate or accentuated. The surgical strategy was defined according to the result of the preoperative venography. Univariate analysis was used to investigate predictor factors related to the occurrence of these lesions, with 5% of significance level. Results: Moderate venous stenosis was observed in 23%, severe in 13% and occlusions in 11%. There were no significant differences in relation to the device side or the venous segment. The usefulness of the preoperative venography to define the operative tactic was proven, and in 99% of the cases, the established surgical strategy could be performed according to plan. Conclusions: The prevalence of venous obstruction is high in CIED recipients referred to reoperations. Venography is highly indicated as a preoperative examination for allowing the adequate surgical planning of procedures involving previous transvenous leads.

Resumo Fundamento: Obstruções venosas são frequentes em portadores de dispositivos cardíacos eletrônicos implantáveis (DCEI) endocárdicos, mas raramente causam problemas clínicos imediatos. A principal consequência destas lesões é a dificuldade para obtenção de via de acesso para o implante de novos cabos-eletrodos. Objetivos: Determinar a prevalência de lesões venosas em candidatos a reoperações envolvendo o manuseio de cabos-eletrodos, e definir o papel da venografia pré-operatória no planejamento desses procedimentos. Métodos: De abril de 2013 a julho de 2016, 100 pacientes com indicação de troca de cabos-eletrodos, ou mudança no modo de estimulação, realizaram venografia com subtração digital no período pré-operatório. As lesões venosas foram classificadas em: não significativas (< 50%), moderadas (51-70%), graves (71-99%) ou oclusivas (100%), e a circulação colateral, em ausente, discreta, moderada ou acentuada. A estratégia cirúrgica foi definida a partir do resultado deste exame. Empregou-se análise univariada para a pesquisa de fatores de risco relacionados à ocorrência dessas lesões, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Obstruções venosas moderadas foram observadas em 23%, graves em 13% e oclusões em 11% dos pacientes estudados, não sendo identificadas diferenças significativas em sua distribuição em relação ao lado do implante, ou do segmento venoso. A utilidade do exame para definição da tática operatória foi comprovada, sendo que em 99% dos casos, a estratégia cirúrgica estabelecida pode ser executada. Conclusões: A prevalência de obstruções venosas é elevada em portadores de DCEI que serão submetidos a reoperações. A venografia é altamente indicada como exame pré-operatório para o adequado planejamento cirúrgico de procedimentos envolvendo cabos-eletrodos transvenosos previamente implantados.

Dispositivos implantables en la insuficiencia cardíaca con fracción de eyección reducida. Más de 30 años de demostrada eficacia terapéutica / Implantable devices in reduced ejection fraction heart failure. More than 30 years of proven therapeutic efficacy

En el presente artículo se analiza el rol de los dispositivos implantables en la mejoría de síntomas y en prevención primaria de muerte súbita en pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca con fracción de eyección reducida. No se considera la prevención secundaria, es decir, la de aquellos pacientes que ya han presentado un evento arrítmico mayor, que puede ser motivo de otro artículo. Se destaca el análisis de las recomendaciones de las Guías Europeas 2016, tanto para la resincronización cardíaca como para el implante de cardiodesfibrilador, complementado con una descripción pormenorizada de los diferentes ensayos clínicos que pretende contribuir a una correcta toma de decisiones en la práctica clínica. Al final del capítulo el lector encontrará un resumen conceptual con mensajes clave para la puesta al día del conocimiento de estas terapias complementarias del tratamiento médico óptimo.

In this article, the role of implantable devices in improvement of symptoms and primary prevention of sudden death in patients with reduced ejection fraction heart failure, is analyzed. Secondary prevention is not considered, that is, of those patients who have already presented a major arrhythmic event, which may be the reason for another article. The analysis of the recommendations of the 2016 European Guidelines is highlighted, both for cardiac resynchronization and for the implantation of cardio-defibrillators, complemented with a detailed description of the different clinical trials, which aim to correct decision-making in clinical practice. At the end of the chapter, the reader will find a conceptual summary in which key messages are considered for updating the knowledge of these complementary therapies of optimal medical treatment.

Impacto del cambio de programación en la incidencia acumulada de choques apropiados e inapropiados en portadores de cardiodesfibrilador automático implantable / Impact of programming change on the cumulative incidence of appropriate and inappropriate shocks in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillator

Introducción: el cardiodesfibrilador automático implantable (DAI) ha impactado positivamente en el tratamiento de la muerte súbita cardíaca. Sin embargo, los choques, apropiados o inapropiados generan efectos adversos. Definir zonas para las terapias según la patología de base y utilizando rangos de frecuencia altos e intervalos de detección prolongados ha demostrado disminuir el número de terapias sin aumentar la mortalidad. En Uruguay no existen datos sobre el impacto de estos cambios de programación en la incidencia de choques, como tampoco se han evaluado predictores de tales acontecimientos. Método: cohorte retrospectiva observacional de 191 pacientes vivos con DAI en el período comprendido entre diciembre de 1991 y abril de 2016 en el Servicio de Electrofisiología de Casa de Galicia. El implante se realizó con criterio de prevención secundaria en el 82% de los casos; edad 55±16 años, con predominio del sexo masculino (78%). El 46% tenían fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo (FEVI) >40% y 37% era portador de cardiopatía isquémica. Se asoció terapia de resincronización cardíaca (TRC) en 20%. A partir de enero de 2013 la programación se ajustó a las recomendaciones actuales y se aplicó a 75 pacientes (39%). A efectos de comparar la performance de la nueva estrategia con la tradicional, se determinó la densidad de incidencia de choques apropiados e inapropiados entre los 116 pacientes programados según la estrategia convencional y los 75 con la nueva estrategia y se calculó la razón de densidades de choques apropiados e inapropiados entre ambos grupos. Resultado: con una mediana de seguimiento de tres años, la incidencia acumulada de choques apropiados fue de 30,9% (IC95% 24,4%-37,9%) y de choques inapropiados 16,8% (IC95% 11,7%-22,8%) en el grupo entero. Con la programación tradicional los choques apropiados e inapropiados fueron de 40,5% y 23,3% respectivamente versus 16,0% y 6,7% cuando se utilizó la programación actual. Los factores predictores de choques inapropiados identificados fueron los choques apropiados (OR 4,66 IC95% 1,81-12 p=0,001) y la programación tradicional (OR 6,77 IC95% 1,77-25,9 p=0,005), mientras que para los choques apropiados fue la programación tradicional (OR 3,28 IC95% 1,46-7,38 p=0,002). El uso de TRC (OR 0,036 IC95% 0,01-0,3 p=0,002) constituyó un factor protector independiente. La incidencia de choques inapropiados se reduce 27,7% con la programación actual, mientras que la incidencia de choques apropiados se incrementa 18,0%. Conclusión: la incidencia acumulada de choques apropiados e inapropiados es frecuente en la población estudiada. La programación del dispositivo de acuerdo a las recomendaciones actuales se asoció significativamente a menor ocurrencia de choques inapropiados. La programación tradicional y los choques apropiados fueron predictores independientes de choques inapropiados mientras que el uso de TRC fue predictor negativo independiente para descargas apropiadas.

Introduction: implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) has positively impacted the treatment of sudden cardiac death. However, appropriate or inappropriate shocks generate multiple adverse effects of diverse severity. Defining zones for therapies considering baseline pathology and using higher frequency ranges and longer detection times has been shown to decrease the number of therapies without increasing mortality. In Uruguay, there is no data on the impact of these programming changes on the incidence of appropriate and inappropriate shocks, nor have predictors of such events been evaluated. Method: observational retrospective cohort of 191 alive patients with ICD in the period from December 1991 to April 2016, at the Electrophysiology Service of Casa de Galicia. The implants were performedwith secondary prevention criteria in 82%. Mean age 55±16 y.o., predominantly male (78%). 46% of patientes had left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) >40% and 37% had ischemic heart disease. Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) was associated in 20%. From 1/2013 the programming was adjusted to the current recommendations including 75 patients (39%). We considered the cumulative incidence of appropriate and inappropriate shocks and their association with programming through univariate analysis and binary logistic regression for the multivariate. We determined the incidence density and the density ratios between the two groups. Result: with a median follow-up of 3 years, the cumulative incidence of appropriate shocks was 31% (95% CI 24.4-37.9) and inappropriate shocks 17% (CI 95% 11.7-22.8%). With traditional programming, appropriate and inappropriate shocks were 40.5% and 23%, while with the new programming protocol it was 16% and 6.7% respectively. The predictors of inappropriate shocks identified were: appropriate shocks (OR 4.66 CI 95% 1.81-12 p=0.001) and traditional programming (OR 6.77 CI 95% 1.77-25.9 p = 0.005); For appropriate shocks the predictor was the traditional programming (OR 3.28 CI 95% 1.46-7.38 p = 0.002). The use of CRT (OR 0.036 IC95% 0.01-0.3 p = 0.002) was an independent protective factor. The incidence of inappropriate shocks is reduced by 27% with the current protocol while the incidence of appropriate shocks increases by 18%. Conclusion: the cumulative incidence of appropriate and inappropriate shocks is frequent in the studied population. The programming of the device according to current recommendations was significantly associated with less occurrence of inappropriate shocks. Traditional programming and appropriate shocks were independent predictors of inappropriate shocks while the use of CRT was independent predictor of appropriate discharges.

Terapia de resincronización cardíaca con o sin cardiodesfibrilador versus terapia con desfibrilador automático, Pereira (Colombia): un estudio de cohorte / Terapia de ressincronização cardíaca com ou sem cardiodesfibrilador versus terapia desfibrilador automático, Pereira (Colômbia): Um estudo de coorte / Cardiac resyncronization therapy with or without cardioverter-defibrillator versus defibrillator therapy alone, Pereira (Colombia): a cohort study

Comparar la supervivencia de pacientes con resincronizador cardíaco con o sin desfibrilador con la de pacientes con cardiodesfibrilador. Materiales y métodos: cohorte retrospectiva cuyo desenlace primario fue la mortalidad de origen cardíaco; la exposición fueron las terapias electrofisiológicas y la información se obtuvo de las historias clínicas y de otros registros médicos. Resultados: se estudiaron 70 pacientes de edad avanzada con dispositivos funcionales. El 82 % recibieron tratamiento farmacológico optimizado. No se encontró asociación significativa entre la probabilidad de supervivencia y la terapia de resincronización cardíaca con o sin cardiodesfibrilador versus la terapia con cardiodesfibrilador (log rank test p = 0,54), pero sí un mayor tiempo de supervivencia en los primeros (ANOVA p = 0,0012). La tasa de peligro fue 0,017 para el día 371 y del 0,15 para el día 2169. Durante el período de observación se presentaron 14 muertes, tres de ellas atribuibles a etiología no cardíaca. Conclusión: se observó que la terapia con resincronizador cardíaco se asoció de forma significativa con un mayor tiempo supervivencia...

To evaluate survival in patients with cardiac resynchronization with or without cardioverterdefibrillatorversus patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator alone. Materials and methods: Retrospective cohort, the primary end point was death from cardiac causes, the exposure was electrophysiological therapies, and the information sources were medical files and other records. Results: 70 elderly patients with functional devices; 82 % of them received optimized medical therapy. Nosignificant association was found between survival of patients with cardiac resynchronization therapy withor without defibrillator and cardioverter-defibrillator therapy alone (log rank test, p = 0.54), but the formerhad a longer survival time (ANOVA p = 0.0012). The hazard ratio was 0.017 for day 371 and 0.15 for day 169. Fourteen deaths occurred during the observation period, three of them from non-cardiac causes. Conclusion: Cardiac resynchronization therapy was associated with significantly longer survival time...

Comparar a sobrevivência de pacientes com ressincronizador cardíaco com ou sem desfibrilador em pacientes com desfibriladores. Materiais e métodos: corte retrospectivo de cujo principal resultado primário foi a mortalidade de origem cardíaca; a exposição foram as terapias e eletrofisiológicos e a informação foi obtida a partir da história clínica e outros registros médicos. Resultados: Foram estudados 70 pacientes idosos com dispositivos funcionais. 82 % receberam tratamento farmacológico otimizado. Não foi encontrado associação significativa entre a probabilidade de sobrevivencia e terapia de ressincronização cardíaca com ou sem cardiodesfibrilador versus a terapia cardiodesfibrilador (log rank test, p = 0,54 ), mas há um maior tempo de sobrevivência no primeiro (ANOVA, p = 0,0012 ). A taxa de risco foi 0,017 para o dia 371 e 0,15 para o dia 2169. Durante o período de observação, apresentaram 14 mortes, três deles atribuíveis a etiologia não cardíaca. Conclusão: constatou-se que a terapia com ressincronizador cardíaco foi significativamente asociado com um maior tempo de sobrevivência...

Síndrome de Twiddler: reporte de un caso / Twiddler's syndrome: report of a case / Síndrome de Twiddler: reporte de um caso

El síndrome de Twiddler es una complicación infrecuente de los dispositivos de estimulación eléctrica cardíaca; a pesar de su rareza merece ser tenido en cuenta al evaluar pacientes con sospecha de disfunción del marcapasos. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 62 años portador de marcapasos biventricular quien ingresó al Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación por insuficiencia cardíaca descompensada debida a síndrome de Twiddler. Los síntomas se resolvieron con el implante de una nueva terminal de resincronización cardíaca.

Twiddler's syndrome is a rare complication of cardiac conduction devices; despite its low frequency, it should be considered when evaluating patients with suspicion of pacemaker's dysfunction. We report the case of a 62 year old man who consulted Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, in Medellín, Colombia, with decompensated heart failure due to dislodgement of the left ventricle lead of his recently implanted biventricular pacemaker. The patient improved with the placement of a new device.

A síndrome de Twiddler é uma complicação infrequente dos dispositivos de estimulação elétrica cardíaca; apesar de sua raridade merece ser tido em conta ao avaliar pacientes com suspeita de disfunção do marca-passos. Apresentamos o caso de um paciente de 62 anos portador de marca- passos biventricular/desfibrilador quem ingressou ao Hospital Universitário San Vicente Fundação por insuficiência cardíaca descompensada devido a síndrome de Twiddler. Os sintomas se resolveram com o implante de um novo terminal de re-sincronização cardíaca.

Perfil dos pacientes chagásicos portadores de cardioversor-desfibrilador implantável (CDI) / Profile of chagasic patients with implantable cardioverter cefibrillators (ICD)

Fundamentos: A morte súbita é responsável por 55-65% dos óbitos na doença de Chagas, e o cardioversor desfibrilador implantável (CDI) é a terapêutica mais efetiva para evitar morte súbita em pacientes com taquiarritmias ventriculares. Objetivo: Descrever o perfil clínico dos pacientes portadores de cardiopatia chagásica crônica com CDI internados em hospital de referência.Métodos: Foram avaliados 75 pacientes chagásicos, portadores de CDI, internados na Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Goiânia no período de janeiro de 2011 a dezembro de 2013, mediante revisão de prontuários. Resultados: A amostra (n=75) se constituiu de 57 (76,0%) pacientes do sexo masculino e 18 (24,0%) do sexo feminino. As internações clínicas representaram 60,0% da amostra e as de causas cirúrgicas 40,0%. Das causas clínicas, 40 (89,0%) foram de origem cardíaca: insuficiência cardíaca (IC) com 13 (32,0%) pacientes e a tempestade elétrica (TE) com 12 (30,0%) pacientes. Das 30 causas cirúrgicas, 17 (56,66%) se deveram a desgaste da bateria.Conclusão: O perfil clínico encontrado em pacientes portadores de cardiopatia chagásica crônica com CDI apresenta as seguintes características: sexo masculino, faixa etária entre 51-60 anos, presença de dispositivos de dupla-câmara, uso adequado de antiarrítmico e beta bloqueador, presença de hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS), fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) entre 35-45%, internações clínicas por causas cardíacas (em especial IC e TE), e número de internações pós-implante entre zero e três.

Background: Sudden death accounts for 55-65% of the deaths from Chagas disease, and the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) is the most effective therapy to prevent sudden death in patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Objective: To describe the clinical profile of patients with chronic Chagas disease with ICD admitted to a referral hospital. Methods: 75 chagasic patients with ICD, admitted to Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Goiânia, from January 2011 to December 2013, were evaluated by means of medical record review.Results: The sample (n=75) was composed of 57 (76.0%) male patients and 18 (24.0%) female patients. Clinical admissions accounted for 60.0% of the sample, while surgical ones accounted for 40.0%. Out of all clinical admissions, 40 (89.0%) were due to heart problems: heart failure (HF), with 13 (32.0%) patients, and electrical storm (ES), with 12 (30.0%) patients. Out of the 30 surgical admissions, 17 (56.66%) were due to battery depletion.Conclusion: The clinical profile of patients with chronic Chagas disease with CDI is characterized as follows: male, aged 51-60, presence of dual-chamber devices, appropriate use of antiarrhythmic drugs and beta-blockers, presence of systemic hypertension (SH),left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 35-45%, clinical admissions due to heart problems (particularly HF and ES), and zero to three post-implantation admissions.

Impedancia transtorácica como herramienta para el manejo del paciente con insuficiencia cardíaca / Transthoracic impedance monitoring in patients with heart failure / Impedância transtorácica como instrumento para o manejo de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca

Los pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca son frecuentemente hospitalizados a causa de congestión pulmonar. Como estrategia para prevenir esta complicación, los pacientes son sometidos a frecuentes visitas médicas y a mediciones del peso diario. La impedancia transtorácica, junto a otros datos que informan acerca de la función cardíaca, puede ser monitoreada en forma remota y su uso es de gran ayuda. Inclusive, puede medirse en pacientes con desfibriladores implantables y ha demostrado ser más sensible que la medición del peso para predecir episodios de descompensación por insuficiencia cardíaca. En el presente artículo se hace una revisión de la información existente en relación con esta tecnología y con su uso clínico.

Patients with congestive heart failure are frequently admitted to the hospital due to episodes of pulmonary congestion. As a strategy to prevent hospitalizations, the patients are closely followed in clinic and are asked to weigh themselves daily. The transthoracic impedance and other physiologic data can be monitored remotely and its use of great help in the management of these patients. The transthoracic impedance, which can be measured by an internal defibrillator, has been proven to be more sensitive than daily weights in predicting heart failure admissions.

Pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca congestiva são freqüentemente internados no hospital devido a episódios de congestão pulmonar. Como estratégia para evitar esta complicação, os pacientes passam por consultas médicas freqüentes e medições de peso diário. A impedância transtorácica, juntamente com de outros dados reportados sobre função cardíaca, podem ser monitorados à distância e seu uso pode ser de grande ajuda no manejo desses pacientes. Inclusive, pode ser medido em pacientes com desfibriladores implantáveis e demonstrou ser mais sensível que a medição de peso para prever episódios de descompensação da insuficiência cardíaca. O presente artigo realiza uma revisão da informação existente em relação com esta tecnologia e seu uso clínico.

La experiencia de vivir con un desfibrilador automático implantable (DAI) / The experience of living with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)

El estudio corresponde a una investigación con metodología cualitativa, el objeto de análisis fueron los textos obtenidos sobre la experiencia de siete personas portadoras de un desfibrilador automático implantable (DAI), aportada a través de catorce entrevistas no estructuradas, previo consentimiento informado. El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar, interpretar y describir la experiencia de personas que viven con un DAI, que asistieron a la consulta externa del Instituto de arritmias "Josep Brugada" y Centro de Estimulación Cardiaca "Jorge Reynolds" de la Fundación Clínica Shaio, institución de cuarto nivel de complejidad, ubicada en la ciudad de Bogotá, Colombia. Trece entrevistas se desarrollaron en el lugar de domicilio de los participantes y una de ellas, en el consultorio del Instituto de arritmias. El análisis de los hallazgos se realizó teniendo en cuenta la técnica de análisis de contenido, propuesta por Cáceres. La edad de los participantes estaba entre los 54 y los 86 años, todos habían tenido experiencias de choques o descargas, eran portadores del DAI desde hacía uno y medio años hasta seis años y la principal indicación del implante fue la cardiopatía isquémica. Trece entrevistas se desarrollaron en el lugar de domicilio de los participantes y una de ellas, en el consultorio del Instituto de arritmias. El análisis de los hallazgos se realizó teniendo en cuenta la técnica de análisis de contenido, propuesta por Cáceres. La edad de los participantes estaba entre los 54 y los 86 años, todos habían tenido experiencias de choques o descargas, eran portadores del DAI desde hacía uno y medio años hasta seis años y la principal indicación del implante fue la cardiopatía isquémica.

The study is a qualitative research methodology, analyzed texts were obtained on the experience of seven carriers of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD), provided through fourteen unstructured interviews prior informed consent. The aim of the research was to analyze, interpret and describe the experience of people living with an ICD, who attended the outpatient arrhythmia Institute "Josep Brugada" and Central Cardiac Pacing "Jorge Reynolds" Shaio Clinic Foundation, institution fourth level of complexity, located in Bogota, Colombia. Thirteen interviews were conducted at the place of domicile of the participants and one of them, in the office of the Institute of arrhythmias. The analysis of the findings was made taking into account the content analysis technique proposed by Caceres. The age of participants was between 54 and 86 years, all had experiences of shocks or shock, they were carriers of the DAI for some one and a half years to six years and the main indication for implantation was ischemic heart disease. The analysis of the findings allowed the development of five categories: Making changes in lifestyle (daily), recognizing the support, promoting the adaptation and coping with their new health condition, defining their care and living in uncertainty. In conclusion we can say that the findings related to the experience of people carrying the DAI, provide tools to the knowledge of the discipline of nursing, as well as the practice of health care.

Choques inapropriados em portadores de CDI VR versus DR: meta-análise de ensaios clínicos randomizados / Inappropriate shocks in patients with icds: single chamber versus dual chamber

FUNDAMENTO: Apesar da evolução tecnológica do cardiodesfibrilador implantável, uma das questões que permanece em aberto é sobre o eventual benefício do cardiodesfibrilador implantável de dupla câmara comparativamente ao de câmara única, para diminuir os choques inapropriados. OBJETIVO: Avaliar, em pacientes com cardiodesfibrilador implantável, qual é o tipo de dispositivo que proporciona menor número de choques inapropriados (câmara dupla versus câmara única). MÉTODOS: Meta-análise da literatura publicada, de estudos randomizados, comparando cardiodesfibrilador implantável de câmara dupla ao de câmara única, que tenham, como endpoint avaliado, a ocorrência de choques inapropriados. RESULTADOS: O cardiodesfibrilador implantável de câmara dupla não mostrou benefícios na redução do número de pacientes com choques inapropriados. Pelo contrário, na análise de efeitos fixos, a associação foi tendencialmente favorável ao cardiodesfibrilador implantável de câmara única (OR = 1,53; IC95%: 0,91-2,57), não obstante a ausência de significado estatístico (p = 0,11). Merece destaque a heterogenia observada nos resultados (I2 = 53%), o que motivou a replicação da análise utilizando um modelo de efeitos aleatórios. No entanto, as diferenças significativas permaneceram na ocorrência de choques inapropriados em ambos os grupos (OR = 1,1; IC95%: 0,37-3,31; p = 0,86). Para complementar a análise, procedeu-se à análise de sensibilidade, na qual se verificou que a exclusão de um estudo resultava na mais baixa heterogenia observada (I2=24%) e na associação com os choques inapropriados significativamente favorável ao cardiodesfibrilador de câmara única (OR = 1,91; IC95%: 1,09-3,37; p = 0,27). CONCLUSÕES: Verificou-se a não existência de evidência clara de superioridade de qualquer um dos dispositivos avaliados.

BACKGROUND: Despite the technological evolution of the implantable defibrillator, one of the questions that remains is the possible benefit of the dual chamber versus single chamber implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) in reducing inappropriate shocks. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate which type of device provides fewer inappropriate shocks (dual chamber versus single chamber) in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs). METHODS: Meta-analysis of randomized studies published in the literature comparing dual-chamber implantable cardioverter defibrillators to single chamber devices which have been known to cause, as an evaluated endpoint, inappropriate shocks. RESULTS: The dual-chamber implantable cardioverter showed no benefit in reducing the number of inappropriate shocks. In fact, the opposite was shown. In the analysis of fixed effects, the association tended to favor single-chamber implantable cardioverter defibrillators (OR = 1.53, CI 95%: 0.91-2.57), despite the absence of statistical significance (p = 0.11). We highlight the heterogeneity observed in the results (I² = 53%), which motivated a replication of the analysis using a model of random effects. However, significant differences remained in the occurrence of inappropriate shocks in both groups (OR = 1.1, 95% CI: 0.37-3.31; p = 0.86). To complement the analysis, we proceeded to perform sensitivity analysis, which showed that the exclusion of a study resulted in the lowest heterogeneity observed (I²=24%) and the association with inappropriate shocks significantly favored the single chamber cardiodefibrillator (OR = 1.91; 95% CI: 1.09-3.37; p = 0.27). CONCLUSIONS: It was determined that there was no clear evidence of superiority of any of the devices evaluated.

Prevención primaria y secundaria de muerte súbita en un hospital de la Seguridad Social de Costa Rica: reporte del registro de pacientes con desfibrilador automático implantable, 2007-2011 / Primary and secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death in a hospital of the social security system in Costa Rica: report from the registry of patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, 2007-2011

Justificación y objetivo: diversos estudios han demostrado la eficacia de los desfibriladores automáticos implantables en la prevención de la muerte súbita cardiaca. La aplicación de dicha evidencia debe ser evaluada mediante registros. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las principales características epidemiológicas y clínicas y las complicaciones de los pacientes a quienes se les implanta un desfibrilador automático implantable en un hospital de tercer nivel en Costa Rica. Métodos: estudio observacional de cohorte, retrospectivo, que incluyó la totalidad de pacientes a quienes se les implantó un desfibrilador automático implantable en el hospital "Dr. Rafael Angel Calderón Guardia" entre 2007 y 2011. Resultados: se incluyó 23 pacientes. La edad media fue de 55 a 18 años. La cardiopatía isquémica fue la etiología más frecuente (10 pacientes). Veinte pacientes estaban en clase funcional I o II; la fracción de eyección media fue 0,38 +0,17. En los 18 pacientes el desfibrilador automático se implantó por prevención secundaria. Cinco pacientes presentaron una complicación temprana, todos ellos con dispositivos bicamerales: 2 hematomas menores una disección del seno coronario, un desplazamiento del electrodo atrial derecho y un ictus cardioembólico. Hubo un total de 101 terapias (en 8 pacientes), de las cuales 94 fueron apropiadas (en 5 pacientes) y 7 inapropiadas (en 3 pacientes); dos de estos últimos habían tenido episodios previos de fibrilación atrial. Conclusión: este registro muestra que la mayoría de los implantes de desfibriladores automáticos se realizan por prevención secundaria, con alta tasa de terapias adecuadas y una baja tasa de terapias inadecuadas y de complicaciones; además, permite evaluar las indicaciones y las complicaciones asociadas con esta terapia...

Implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy in pediatric and congenital heart disease patients: a single tertiary center experience in Korea / 소아과

PURPOSE: The use of implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) to prevent sudden cardiac death is increasing in children and adolescents. This study investigated the use of ICDs in children with congenital heart disease. METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted on the clinical characteristics and effectiveness of ICD implantation at the department of pediatrics of a single tertiary center between 2007 and 2011. RESULTS: Fifteen patients underwent ICD implantation. Their mean age at the time of implantation was 14.5+/-5.4 years (range, 2 to 22 years). The follow-up duration was 28.9+/-20.4 months. The cause of ICD implantation was cardiac arrest in 7, sustained ventricular tachycardia in 6, and syncope in 2 patients. The underlying disorders were as follows: ionic channelopathy in 6 patients (long QT type 3 in 4, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia [CPVT] in 1, and J wave syndrome in 1), cardiomyopathy in 5 patients, and postoperative congenital heart disease in 4 patients. ICD coils were implanted in the pericardial space in 2 children (ages 2 and 6 years). Five patients received appropriate ICD shock therapy, and 2 patients received inappropriate shocks due to supraventricular tachycardia. During follow-up, 2 patients required lead dysfunction-related revision. One patient with CPVT suffered from an ICD storm that was resolved using sympathetic denervation surgery. CONCLUSION: The overall ICD outcome was acceptable in most pediatric patients. Early diagnosis and timely ICD implantation are recommended for preventing sudden death in high-risk children and patients with congenital heart disease.

Quality of life of patients with implanted cardiac devices: a transversal study

Objective: Evaluate the quality of life (QL) of patients with implanted cardiac devices and describe the recognition of electromagnetic sources, and symptoms, in the event of failure of the device. Methods: This is a transversal study that used the SF-36 questionnaire and an instrument developed to observe other variables. Results: The research included 56 patients, 58±13 years of age, predominantly male. In relation to QL, scores were: functional capacity = 58±26; pain = 65±32; vitality = 58±26; social aspects = 72±31; mental health = 69±26; physical aspects = 12.5(0-50); emotional aspects = 33(0-100); general health status = 49±25. The majority of the patients (91%) know that the device could suffer from interference. Conclusions: The sample of this study showed low QL scores in physical and emotional aspects, and in general health status. Besides that, patients were aware that the devices could suffer from magnetic interference, but they could not name the main sources of that interference.

The Relevance of the Primary Prevention Criteria for Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Implantation in Korean Symptomatic Severe Heart Failure Patients

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy is recommended as the primary tool for prevention of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in symptomatic patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction. There is a paucity of information on whether this recommendation is appropriate for the Korean population with severe heart failure. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The study group consisted of 275 consecutive patients (mean age 65 years, 71% male) who met the ICD implantation criteria for primary prevention (left ventricular ejection fraction 0.05). All-cause mortality and the incidence of SCD in the NICMP group were comparable to those of the DEFINITE standard therapy group (13% vs. 17%, 6% vs. 6%, respectively, all p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Korean patients with severe heart failure in both the ICMP and NICMP groups had all-caused mortality and risk of SCD comparable to patients in the MADIT-II and DEFINITE standard therapy groups. Therefore, the primary prevention criteria for ICD implantation would be appropriate in both Korean ICMP and NICMP patients.